TEST TIME!!!

Dear Kalpita,

You know this post is going to be special when it has 3 exclamation points and CAPITAL letters. Today is my test to review everything I have learned. Ready...Set..Go!

The study of properties of matter and how matter changes is chemistry.

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means is an element

Each element has it's own symbol which is usally one or two letters.

A substance made of two or more elements that are chemically combined is a compound.

Each compound is represented by a formula, which shows the ratio of elements in the compound

A mixture is when two substances are together in the same place but are not chemically combined into a new substance.

There are two ways a substance can change. A change that alters the form of a substance but does not change it into something else.is a psychical change

A change in matter that produces new substances is a chemical change.

The measurement of the force of gravity on an object is weight.

The measurement of how much matter an object contains is mass

The measurement of how much mass is contained in a given volume is density

Volume is the measurement of how much space an object takes up.

The smallest particle of an element is an atom


The force that holds two atoms together is a chemical bond

A combination of two or more atoms bonded together is a molecule
.

All That Glitters is Not Gold...Or Copper..Or Iron

Dear Kalpita,

Sorry for the weird title. It doesn't really match with what I'm learning about but I couldn't help myself.

Gold and Density

Density was used to pan for gold in the Gold Rush. A man would take a pan and scoop up some gravel and rocks. He would submerge the pan in a steam or riverbed and the sand would filter out. The Gold had a higher density so it would think to the bottom of the pan.

The density of gold is 19.32 grams/cm3

The Density of pyrite(or fools gold) is 5.01 grams/cm3

You can immediately tell that the pyrite had a much lower density.

Copper and Electrolysis

Most (solid) elements are naturally found in the ground-huge surprise!-

Ores are rocks containing minerals and elements.

A chemical reaction must occur to separate an element from a compound.

Electrolysis is when an electric current is used to break down a chemical compound.

A magnesium metal strip is placed into the copper during electrolysis on copper.

Iron and the Blast Furnace

Iron is separated from its compound by a mechanical process (a.k.a putting it in a blast furnace)

So this is basically how Steel and Iron is made

Miners mine iron ore

.I

V

Chunks of iron and a material called coke and put into a blast furnace

.I

V

The carbon monoxide in the coke reacts with iron oxide in the iron

.I

V

The result of the reaction is Iron.

.I

V

Iron is mixed with carbon and other metals to make Steel.

Atoms and Particles of Matter

Dear Kalpita.

It's been awhile since I've last posted. Oh well. We're moving on. but of course I mist Review as usual:

Matter is anything made of atoms and molecules, Matter is classified as an element, a compound, or a mixture

Element: a substance made out of one type on atom
Compound: Two or more elements. Can only be seperated trough a chemical reaction
Mixture: A mix of two substances that can be seperated easily

Chemistry:the science of the properties, composition and changes in matter

Physical Change: Changes the appearance of the substance.
example: Water freeezing


Chemical Change: the substance becomes a different substance:
Example: rust

Weight:The measurment of the force of gravity on an object

Mass:how much matter an object contains

Volume: Hiw much space an object takes up

Density: how much mass per unit of volume

Now For The New Stuff

Apparently I need to intorduce Democritus

Democritus was an ancient Greek Philosopher. He formulated an atomic theory for the cosmos. He was liked by Aristotle and hated by Plato. He and is mentor Leuicippus believed that everything was made of atoms, that atoms were physically indivisible, that they were indestructible, that they were constantly moving and that empty space lay between all atoms.

As you can see some of these ideas were right and many were wrong but he basically had the right idea. This is why Democritus is believed the be the "father of modern science".

Democritus originally named atoms Atomos, which means "uncuttable" but which has also taking on the meaning of "smallest indivisible particle of matter."

An atom is the smallest particle of an element


Next up we have

John Dalton

John Dalton was many things. He was an English man that dipped into many sciences, including meteorology, chemistry and physical science. He was best known for researching atomic theory and color blindness.

Here is what John Dalton believed about atoms


The atoms of different elements can be distinguished by their atomic weight

All atoms of the same element are identical

Atoms of one element can a bond with the atoms of another atoms to form a chemical compound, a compound that has the same number of types of atoms

Atoms can't be created, divided into smaller particles or destroyed in a chemical reaction.



Scientists have found exceptions to many of his "rules" but his theory has helped form the basis of our understanding of atoms.

An atom can be seen through an electron microscope.

A chemical bond is the attraction between molecules or atoms that creates a chemical compound.


A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms that are bonded together.



That's enough for today. Tomorrow we may or may not talk about the composition of atoms

Ok I Apologize....

Dear Kalpita

I did not and could not keep my promise to make up for all the days i missed. I am sorry. I'm not sure who I
'm apologizing to. Probably myself. Oh well. let's get on to my studying. Measuring Mass and stuff.Since I can't remember simple things let me review what I learned last time

Matter is anything made up of atom. Everything is made of Matter.

Elements are the building blocks of matter and are formed of only one type of atom

Compounds are made of two or more elements and can only be seperated through a chemical reaction.

Mixtures:are a mix of two or more substances that can be separated quite easily.

A  subsscript is the ratio of...something

Now that I know very basic science *pats myself on the back* We can keep going

MASS is often confused with weight. Mass is how much matter an object contains

WEIGHT is a measure of the force of gravity on an object.


Back to Mass. In Science, Mass refers to one of the three properties of matter
Inertial Mass- is basically measured the an objects resistance to acceleration  
*You may recall that Inertia is the resistance of an object to a change in movement. This relates to a moving objects resistance to stopping and an objects resistance to moving.

Then there is
Active Gravitational Mass-Well.....I'm not really sure what this is. Apparently it is a fact that there is a difference between Active and Passive Gravitational Mass but there is no reason why there should be a difference. I'm guessing that Gravitational mass is the most common mass that I told you about earlier

Passive Gravitational Mass-Also not sure


The difference between mass and weight is that gravity does not affect your mass. if you are in space your weight is different because Weight is simply a measure of how much force gravity is pressing down on you. Mass is simply how much matter you contain. This is also why you would eigh differently on another planet but your mass wouldn't change. NEVER CONFUSE MASS AND WEIGHT.

THE METRIC SYSTEM  or the INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM (SI) is how scientists measure properties of matter 

The SI unit for mass is the Kilogram

Other units for Mass :

Gram

Milligram

VOLUME is the amount of space an object occupies. Whereas Mass is how much mass something is Made of this is How much space it takes up.

HeightxLengthxWidth= the Volume of a rectangular object

Si Unit for Volume is a Cubic Meter or sometimes just a Meter

DENSITY is sometimes defined as how much mass per unit of volume but other times it is defined as how much weight per unit of Volume

A kilogram of bricks takes up less space than a kilogram of feathers because the bricks are denser and more mass is packed into each unit of volume

You can calculate density by dividing volume from mass. D=M/V

One unit of density is g/cm3 or grams per cubic centimeter

If I am correct the density of a liquid is usually grams per milliliter 

The reason wood floats and gold doesn't is that the wood has less density. This is also the reason a steel boat will float and a bar of steel won't. It depends on how much water it can displace. I will get to that later.

Pop Quiz: Does the density of a substance change, depending on the sample of the substance.

A: FALSE. The Density does not change no matter what amount it is.

Stay tuned for PARTICLES OF MATTER where we will learn about

Early ideas About Atoms

John Dalton

Atoms and Molecules

Ideas About Atoms: Past and Present

The Composition of an Atom

 

Measuring Matter: Gravity, Mass, Volume and Density

Dear Kalpita,

This week I will be learning about measuring mass. This will most likely be tortorous for me because I'm horrible at measurements. Wish me luck. I'll post everything later. Even I need SOME sleep. I promise I'll make up for those days i went missing

Changes In Matter

Dear Kalpita,

Strangely enough i have a harder time remembering the simple stuff than i do with the Bosons and Fermions. Oh well. Moving right along....

A Physhical Change in Matter is when something changes it's shape without becoming a new object.
Examples of these are:

• Change of state (such as from solid to liquid or from gas to liquid)
  
  • Specific examples of state change include water freezing, alcohol evaporating and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) subliming
• Absorption of water
• Crumpling
• Pulling copper into a thin wire - a change of shape, but not a change of composition
• Cutting a material
• Tearing
• Breaking
• Deflating
• Mixing different solids (such as solid sulfur and iron filings)
• Inflating
• Cloud forming in the sky

Chemical Changes are when the composition of an object changes.

Examples of this are:

• Burning a log of wood
• Mixing an acid with a base, producing water and a salt.
• Photosynthesis - a process in which carbon dioxide and water are changed into sugars by plants.
• Cracking heavy hydrocarbons to create lighter hydrocarbons (part of the process of refining oil).
• Cooking examples: popcorn, cake, pancakes, and eggs
• Oxidation examples: rust or tarnishing
• Combustion
• Mixing chemicals
• Rotting of fruit
• Cooking rice
• Explosions
• Tarnishing silver
• Lighting a match
• Chewing/digesting food
• Rusting
• Burning gas in a stove
• Oxidizing food for energy
• Roasting a marshmallow
• Adding food coloring to icing
• Frying
• Burning a magnesium strip

The Three PRINCIPLE states of matter are:
Liquid
Solid
Gas
If you read my blog you also know about Bose-Einstein Condensat (superfluids ,superconductors and Rubidium/) and Plasma(lightning)

Fun Fact: Water is the same substance no matter what state it is in. That's why the Science Channel often refers to water on Earth as Liquid Water instead of just plain Water.

Another name for a Chemical change is a Positive Change

I have been asked to decide whether some things are a chemical or a physical change
Iron Rusting outside- ooh ooh! I know this one! Chemical
Wood is chopped in half- Physical
Gasoline burning in an engine- Chemical
Ice melting into liquid water- Like I said before. Physical


I have just completed that assignment . Whoo!

Go Back to The Beginning: Matter, Mixtures and Elements

Dear Kalpita,

I've been gone a long time and it turns out there is quite a lot for me to do. I shall be going on about thee Basics of Matter. I've been so busy talking about quantum physics that I haven't bothered to learn about the stuff I will actually NEED to know. I promise I won't bombard you with bright colors....maybe.

-**-

As I so eloquently pointed out before, Matter is anything made of atoms and molecules. 

Matter can be any color, any shape, any texture or any temperature ect.

Properties of matter

• Color
• Odor
• Luster - How shiny a substance is.
• Malleability - The ability of a substance to be beaten into thin sheets.
• Ductility - The ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires.
• Conductivity - The ability of a substance to allow the flow of energy or electricity.
• Hardness - How easily a substance can be scratched.
• Melting/Freezing Point - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure.
• Boiling Point - The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure on the liquid (generally atmospheric pressure).
• Density - The mass of a substance divided by its volume

All of the above are called Intensive Properties. These properties do not rely on the size of the matter.

The next few properties I will tell you about are Extensive Properties. They are basically the exact opposite of Intensive Properties,

• Mass - A measurement of the amount of matter in a object (grams).
• Weight - A measurement of the gravitational force of attraction of the earth acting on an object.
• Volume - A measurement of the amount of space a substance occupies.
• Length

Chemistry:

Chemistry is the science of matter and any changes it undergoes chemistry is mostly about the composition, behavior and how it acts during a chemical reaction.

Elements:

An element is a pure substance, consisting of one type of atom, each element is distinguished by an atomic number

The Atomic Number is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.

Elements are called the building blocks of matter because all matter is made from some combination of elements.

The element symbol tells you the elements name in Latin

A compound is a substance made from two or more elements mixed together

A Subscript:]

A subscript tells you about the ratio of elements in a compound

for instance I give you water, also known as H2O

H stands for Hydrogen

O stands for Oxygen

This means that water consists of two Hydrogen atoms and one oxygen 

However if I add one more oxygen i get H2O2. This makes an entirely different compound called hydrogen peroxide 

Hydrogen Peroxide is a liquid but it is NOT the same as water. It is often used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant

Most matter consists of a mixture of isotopes. 

Surprisingly A Mixture isn't the same thing as a Compound.

A mixture is a mix of two things that can be separated psychically.

A compound CAN be seperated but only by use of a chemical reaction.

So As a final review

Matter

is classified as a

Element.................................................... Compound...................................Mixture.........................

made up of..------------------------------------made up of..-------------------------------made up of...---------------

Atoms.................................. Two or more elements...... Two or more substances

Ok I admit that I lied. i ended up painting rainbows all over this log post anyway